Amino modifications refer to the chemical alterations that introduce amino functional groups into oligonucleotides. This modification can be achieved by incorporating amino groups onto the nucleobases or the sugar moieties of the oligonucleotide. Amino modifications endow oligonucleotides with specific properties and functionalities, offering numerous advantages for various biological and biotechnological applications.

Spacer modifications in oligonucleotides involve the introduction of non-nucleotide linkers between nucleotides or at specific positions within the oligo sequence. These spacers serve various functions and confer several advantages in oligonucleotide design and applications. Here are some key functions of spacer modifications:

Oligos can be purified using various methods, each with its own advantages and suitability for different applications:

Oligos  have several applications in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), including:

In next-generation sequencing (NGS), oligos  (short for oligonucleotides) have various applications, including: