Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) modification refers to the introduction of a methylene bridge between the 2' oxygen and 4' carbon of the ribose sugar in the nucleotide backbone. This modification confers several advantageous properties to oligonucleotides, leading to various applications in molecular biology and biotechnology. Here are some key functions and effects of LNA modification:

Oligonucleotide base modification is the introduction of different chemical modifications on the bases of oligonucleotides to change their properties and functions. The following are some common types of oligonucleotide base modifications:

The phosphorylation modification of primers and probes in molecular biology techniques confers additional functionalities and applications. Here are the effects of phosphorylation modification on primers and probes:

The digoxigenin modification involves attaching digoxigenin molecules to oligonucleotides. Digoxigenin is a naturally occurring plant compound with strong affinity, capable of forming stable complexes with anti-digoxigenin antibodies. This modification finds several applications in molecular biology and biochemistry, with the following functions:

The function of biotin modification in oligonucleotides is primarily for affinity-based applications, particularly in molecular biology, biochemistry, and biotechnology. Biotin, a small molecule, is covalently attached to the oligonucleotide, typically at one end or at specific positions within the sequence. This modification imparts several functional advantages: