Sequences that may pose difficulties in the artificial synthesis of genes include the following:

Gene synthesis is a molecular biology technique that involves the artificial creation of a DNA sequence, typically a gene, in the laboratory. This process allows researchers to design and construct custom DNA sequences for various purposes, such as protein expression, functional genomics, or genetic engineering. The general process of gene synthesis involves several key steps:

Codon optimization is a molecular biology technique that involves modifying the nucleotide sequence of a gene without changing the encoded amino acid sequence. This optimization is particularly relevant in the context of heterologous gene expression, where a gene from one organism is introduced into a different host organism for various purposes. Here are several reasons why codon optimization matters:

Codon usage bias refers to the uneven usage of synonymous codons, which encode the same amino acid, in the genetic code. In simpler terms, different DNA sequences can represent the same amino acid in a protein, but some of these sequences are used more frequently than others.

Compared to molecular cloning, gene synthesis has several advantages: