MicroRNA (miRNA) therapeutics research has achieved significant milestones, highlighting its potential for treating complex diseases. 

1.Therapeutic Applications 

     ●      miRNAs have been identified as key regulators in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic syndromes. 

     ●      Therapeutic strategies involve miRNA mimics to replenish downregulated miRNAs and miRNA inhibitors (antagomiRs) to block the activity of overexpressed miRNAs. 

2.Clinical Trials 

     ●      Multiple miRNA-based drugs have entered clinical trials. Examples include: 

          ●      MRG-110, targeting miRNA-92a to promote angiogenesis in ischemic diseases. 

          ●      RG-012, designed to inhibit miRNA-21 for treating Alport syndrome. 

3.Innovative Delivery Systems 

     ●      Advanced delivery methods, such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), exosome-based carriers, and viral vectors, have enhanced the stability and cellular uptake of miRNA therapeutics. 

     ●      Tissue-specific targeting has been a primary goal to reduce systemic side effects. 

4.Chemical Modifications 

     ●      Chemical enhancements, such as locked nucleic acids (LNAs), 2'-O-methylation, and phosphorothioates, have improved the stability, efficacy, and safety of miRNA drugs. 

5.Biomarker Development 

     ●      miRNAs are being developed as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular conditions, facilitating personalized medicine approaches. 

Recent advancements in miRNA therapeutics demonstrate their potential for treating previously untreatable diseases. Key innovations in delivery technologies, chemical modifications, and biomarker applications are paving the way for miRNA-based therapies to transition from experimental to clinical use.