Target Specificity

High specificity to genetic sequences, targeting mRNA or non-coding RNAs.

Often bind active sites; risk of off-target effects.

High specificity to protein epitopes.

Target Range

Accesses "undruggable" targets like non-coding RNAs and inaccessible proteins.

Limited to targets with binding pockets.

Limited to extracellular or accessible proteins.

Mechanism of Action

Modulates gene expression (e.g., RNAi, splicing modulation).

Typically enzyme inhibition or receptor modulation.

Neutralizes antigens or triggers immune responses.

Development Time

Rapid development due to direct sequence-based design.

Longer lead times for screening and optimization.

Time-intensive due to protein engineering.

Delivery Challenges

Requires advanced delivery systems for stability and cellular uptake.

Generally easier delivery (oral, topical).

Delivery can be challenging (injection only).

Immunogenicity

Low immunogenicity with chemical modifications.

Low to moderate depending on structure.

Potentially high, requires careful design.

Manufacturing

Chemically synthesized, scalable, and reproducible.

Chemical synthesis, highly scalable.

Biologically produced, complex and costly.